loader image
appstore@2x playstore@2x


Contact : 02076167693 | 07973500594
Email: drsyhussain@gmail.com

All posts by admin

Different Types of Pregnancies

Different Types of Pregnancies

High risk

Pregnancy is defined as the carrying of one or more embryo in the womb of a female. It is also known as gravidity or gestation, which is the time during one or more offspring develops inside a woman.

As Pregnancy might seems like a simple term, but there are different types of pregnancies.Most of them are a result of physical differences between women and some are related to multiple egg release.

Intrauterine Pregnancies

An intrauterine pregnancy is a pregnancy that happens inside of the womb. The fertilized egg implants itself on the interior wall of the uterus. The placenta is attached to the inside of the uterus, to the uterine muscle. This condition may be referred to as a normal pregnancy.

Throughout an intrauterine pregnancy, a woman’s body goes through many changes. Each change in the mother and fetus combine to prepare them for the eventual birthing process.

Lupus Pregnancies

Lupus is an auto-immune disease. This lupus pregnancy is not an easy pregnancy for the mother as well as child and is not safe. Pregnancies for women with lupus can be complicated by blood clotting.

Lupus pregnancy mothers are at a greater risk of having a baby prematurely and they have to be extra cautious about their health and their baby development as it may cause stillbirth.

Ecoptic Pregnancies

An Ectopic pregnancy is an abnormal type of pregnancy also known as tubal pregnancy, occurs when an embryo latches to a uterus externally. Women who go through this stage experience severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The chances of this pregnancy are 1 to 2% in millions of cases. If this medical condition is not diagnosed in the early stages i.e., Immediately after the confirmation of pregnancy, the woman can experience severe pain and that can lead to losing consciousness and going into shock. If she does not receive immediate medical care, the condition can lead to death also. Such deaths are known as maternal deaths as they occur in the first trimester of the pregnancy.

Molar Pregnancies

Molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus and will fail to come to term. It is a gestational trophoblastic disease which grows into a mass in the uterus that has swollen chorionic villi.

Sometimes a pregnancy that seems to be twins is found to be one fetus and one molar pregnancy. But this is very rare.

High-Risk Pregnancies

Women over the age of 35, with diabetes and other health conditions that affect pregnancy or those pregnant with multiples may be considered as high-risk due to increased risk of pregnancy complications. These pregnancies require management by a specialist to help ensure the best outcome for the mother and baby.

Read More
What is Ectopic Pregnancy

What is Ectopic Pregnancy

An Ectopic pregnancy is an abnormal type of pregnancy also known as tubal pregnancy, occurs when an embryo latches to a uterus
externally. Women who go through this stage experience severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The chances of this pregnancy  are 1 to 2% in millions of cases. If this medical condition is not diagnosed in the early stages i.e., immediately after the confirmation of pregnancy, the woman can experience severe pain and that can lead to losing consciousness and going into shock. If she does not receive immediate medical care, the condition can lead to death also.Such deaths are known as maternal deaths as they occur in the first trimester of the pregnancy.

Reasons

Many reasons have been identified as the root causes for ectopic pregnancy occurring in early stages of pregnancy. Some of them are infertility, a history of miscarriages, pelvic inflammation, smoking, tubal ligation, advancing age, malnourishment, assisted reproductive treatment, etc.

Symptoms

Some women do not experience any symptoms of ectopic pregnancy in the initial stages. In such cases, it can be diagnosed only when the condition deteriorates to slipping into shock and death. Usually, the women who have this kind of a pregnancy experience symptoms of Nausea, Vaginal Bleeding, Diarrhoea, pelvic pain, abdominal pain, tender cervix, hypovolemic shock (leads to death), etc.

Diagnosis

Ectopic pregnancy is a medical condition which can be diagnosed but cannot be averted. An ultrasound can locate this condition and can be treated by laparotomy.

Read More

6 everyday things to avoid if you have Urge Incontinence

Urge incontinence is one of the four main types of urinary incontinence.

It involves the loss of urine as a result of strong, uncontrollable urges to urinate. Certain foods, drinks and medications can worsen those urges and therefore increase the severity of your incontinence.

Consider reducing your intake of these 6 things if you suffer from urge incontinence:

1. Caffeine

caffeine

Caffeine causes Urinary Incontinence

A number of studies have shown caffeine to worsen urinary incontinence. Caffeine is a diuretic which means it can increase your need to urinate. For those who suffer from urge incontinence, caffeine may make the urges worse, Health 24’s resident GP Dr Owen Wiese explains.

Try limiting your intake of caffeine by cutting down on coffee, certain teas, energy drinks and caffeinated fizzy drinks.

2. Spicy foods

spicy foods

Spicy foods can contribute to Incontinence

Spicy foods are commonly known to irritate the stomach and bowel but they have been found to have a similar effect on the bladder, Dr Wiese explains. Try to avoid cooking with chilli and other spices for a while to test if your symptoms improve.

3. Certain medication

medication

Medication associated with Incontinence

There are a number of different medications that can increase the frequency or urgency to urinate. These include:

Hypertension medication:

– Diuretics such as Hydrochlorothiazide (Ridaq) and Furosemide (Lasix)

– ACE inhibitors such as Enalapril maleate (Pharmapress; Renitec) and Captopril (CaptoHexal; Zapto)

– Alpha-antagonists including Doxazosin maleate (Cardura) Prazosin (Pratsiol)

Muscular pain medication:

– Muscle relaxants including Baclofen (Lioresal) and Orphenadrine (Norflex, Disipal)

4. Sweeteners

artificial sweetners

Sweetener linked to Incontinence

Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame that are commonly found in diet drinks and sugar-free foods can also cause incontinence. Like spicy foods, sweeteners are known to irritate the bladder. Try adding honey or agave syrup to your tea instead of sweeteners to prevent uncontrollable urges.

5. Alcohol

alcohol

Alcohol linked to Urinary Incontinence

If you suffer from incontinence, alcohol intake is another lifestyle factor that could be aggravating your symptoms.

Like caffeine, alcohol is a diuretic and therefore increases your need to urinate. Also, being intoxicated can prevent you from realising that you need to go to the bathroom or from getting to the bathroom in time.

Try to reduce the amount of alcohol you consume to better control your urges.

6. Citrus fruit

Citrus-Fruits

Citrus fruits cause the same problem as spicy foods and sweeteners. The acidity caused by the vitamin C in the fruit irritates the lining of the bladder which can increase the urge to urinate.

Try replacing citrus fruits with less acidic alternatives such as apples, watermelon and apricots.

While these different foods, beverages and medications can worsen urge incontinence, they can also have little affect on your incontinence at all. Some people are affected by alcohol and caffeine but not by citrus fruit or spicy foods.

You can test what, if any of these things affect your incontinence by eliminating them one at a time and monitoring whether your continence improves or not.

Read More

Benefits of Da Vinci® Robotic-assisted Surgery for Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are the innocuous cyst that grow in the uterus and normally in female while childbearing years. They can operate with surgical removal or myomectomy method. In a traditional myomectomy method, surgeons remove the fibroid cyst through a large incision in the patient’s abdomen, leaving the uterus in place. Although this procedure is an effective approach for women who want to become pregnant, it requires a longer recovery time.

By the use of da Vinci® robotic-assisted surgery, a surgeon can operate the same operation with accuracy through a few small incisions. The patients normally go home within 24 hours rather of staying 2-3 days in the hospital and they are back to work in 1-2 weeks rather than a month with the traditional method.

What are the symptoms of uterine fibroids?

  • Heavy or extended menstrual bleeding
  • Pelvic pressure or pain
  • Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
  • Backache or leg pain

What are the benefits of da Vinci® myomectomy?

  • Minimally invasive
  • Fewer surgical complexity
  • Less blood loss and pain
  • Less scarring following the procedure
  • Shorter hospital stay
  • Quicker recovery

Who is a good candidate for this procedure?

If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with uterine fibroids, it may be time to talk to your doctor about this surgical option. In some cases, da Vinci® myomectomy may be the best option, especially as an alternative to hysterectomy.

Read More

NICE Guidelines – Ovarian Cancer Screening

Screening Guidelines

 Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women and the most common cause of gynecologic cancer deaths. In 2008, about 22,000 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer, with approximately 15,500 women dying from the disease. Approximately one in 70 women will develop ovarian cancer in her lifetime.
While the most common recognized risk factor associated with the disease is advancing age, other factors contributing to an increased risk of the disease include infertility, endometriosis (a condition in which tissue from the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus), and post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy. Additionally, some studies have suggested — but other studies have not confirmed — that use of assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization may increase a woman’s risk of developing ovarian cancer. It is important to note, however, that these age-independent risk factors do not significantly increase a woman’s chances of developing ovarian cancer, elevating a woman’s risk level no more than two to three times higher than that of the general population.

Recommendations for ovarian cancer screening traditionally have been organized into one of two sets of guidelines — one for women at average risk and the other for women at increased risk. Now, with the identification of gene mutations that can increase a woman’s chances of developing ovarian cancer, the set of guidelines for women at an increased risk has been subdivided into two groups, with recommendations for women with a clear inherited risk of developing ovarian cancer due to an identified genetic mutation differing from those for women with a family history of the disease. This concept of variable risk has been incorporated into Memorial Sloan Kettering’s current recommendations for ovarian cancer screening.

Ovarian Cancer Risk Types

Women with a risk level near that of the general population (relative risk less than three times the relative risk of the general population)

This category includes women with any of the following:

  • A history of breast cancer diagnosed at age 41 or older and a) no family history of breast or ovarian cancer or b) no Ashkenazi Jewish heritage (individuals of Eastern European Jewish descent from Eastern Europe).
  • A history of infertility and/or use of assisted reproductive therapies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).
  • A history of endometriosis (a condition in which tissue from the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus).
  • A history of hormone replacement use for the management of symptoms related to menopause.

Women with increased risk* (relative risk three to six times greater than that of the general population)

This category includes woman with any of the following:

  • A first degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with ovarian cancer.
  • A personal history of breast cancer prior to age 40.
  • A personal history of breast cancer diagnosed prior to age 50, and one or more close relatives diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer at any age.
  • Two or more close relatives diagnosed with breast cancer prior to age 50 or with ovarian cancer diagnosed at any age.
  • Ashkenazi Jewish heritage and a personal history of breast cancer prior to age 50.
  • Ashkenazi Jewish heritage and a first- or second-degree relative diagnosed with breast cancer prior to age 50 or with ovarian cancer at any age.

* These estimates are obtained from studies in which genetic testing information was not available. For individuals who meet the family history criteria but have tested negative for a genetic mutation known to increase susceptibility to the disease, the risk of developing ovarian cancer may be substantially lower. These women should consult a medical professional for screening recommendations.

Women with inherited risk due to known genetic mutations (relative risk greater than six times that of the general population)

This category includes woman with any of the following:

  • Presence of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes involved in cell growth, division, and repair of damage to DNA that occurs naturally during one’s lifetime. An altered, or mutated, BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene increases the likelihood that cancer will develop. The most common types of cancers associated with BRCAalterations are breast and ovarian cancer.
  • Presence of a mismatch repair gene mutation associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome known as Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)/Lynch syndrome.

Mutations in the genes known to increase susceptibility to ovarian cancer likely account for a large proportion of the incremental risk among women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer diagnosed before the age of 50. Preliminary evidence has suggested that women with a strong family history of breast cancer but no demonstrable mutation in BRCA1 orBRCA2 may not be at significantly increased risk of ovarian cancer. For this reason and due to the limitations of currently available ovarian cancer screening tests, which are described below, women in the increased risk category should consider genetic counseling and testing prior to initiating ovarian cancer screening or other ovarian cancer risk-reduction strategies.

Ovarian Cancer Screening Tests

A number of tests have been evaluated as potential methods of screening for ovarian cancer. Screening tests with the greatest amount of clinical test data supporting their use include transvaginal ultrasound and the blood test for the serum marker CA-125. (Serum markers are substances in the blood that can be detected in blood tests.) Less information is available regarding a number of other serum markers, used alone or in combination. A newer test based on proteomics, a method which involves the evaluation of patterns of dozens to hundreds of low molecular weight proteins simultaneously, has also been recently proposed.

CA-125

CA-125 is a protein produced by more than 90 percent of advanced epithelial ovarian cancers. (Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common form of the disease.) As a result, the CA-125 protein has become the most evaluated serum marker for ovarian cancer screening. In the largest study to date, 22,000 post-menopausal women at average risk of ovarian cancer were randomly chosen to receive either annual CA-125 tests or their usual gynecologic care. In this study, women with ovarian cancer detected by the CA-125 tests had improved survival compared to women diagnosed with ovarian cancer who were assigned to their usual care. While these results were promising, there was no difference between the two groups in the number of deaths due to ovarian cancer. Additionally, although 8,732 women were screened, only six ovarian cancers were detected, with three of these being at an advanced stage.

Other studies have suggested that CA-125 also appears to be elevated in two to three percent of normal post-menopausal women. Given this fact and the relatively low annual incidence of ovarian cancer, screening using the CA-125 test has not been effective enough to warrant its widespread use. For ovarian cancer to be detected in one additional woman using CA-125 as the primary screening method, another 100 to 150 women would have to receive evaluation and approximately 30 diagnostic operations be performed.

To improve the utility of CA-125 measurements for ovarian cancer screening, a method has been proposed that focuses on the change in CA-125 concentration in the bloodstream over time, as opposed to relying on the absolute value. This approach is being used in an ongoing study in Great Britain, in which 200,000 women will be randomly assigned to receive screening with CA-125, screening with transvaginal ultrasound, or their usual care. Results from this study are expected in 2012.

Transvaginal Ultrasound

A number of imaging methods have been evaluated for possible use in ovarian cancer screening. Transvaginal ultrasound has consistently proven to be the most promising imaging method for routine screening of ovarian cancer.

In the largest study to date evaluating ultrasound as a screening method for ovarian cancer, 14,469 women, most of whom were at average risk for ovarian cancer, were monitored using annual transvaginal ultrasounds. Promisingly, 11 of 17 cancers detected by transvaginal ultrasound screening were diagnosed at the earliest stage of the disease, known as stage I. Critics, however, have pointed out than only two of the 11 stage I cancers detected by transvaginal ultrasound were high grade (meaning that the cancer cells have an aggressive growth rate), compared to all six of the advanced stage cancers.

Serum CA-125 in Combination with Transvaginal Ultrasound

Several studies have evaluated the combined use of transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125. These studies have suggested that the combination of these tests result in a higher sensitivity for ovarian cancer detection, but at the cost of an increased rate of false positive results. In an ongoing prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial, 28,816 women were randomly chosen to receive annual transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 testing. An additional 39,000 women were randomly assigned to a control group in which they received only their usual gynecologic care. The positive predictive values for an abnormal test were one percent for transvaginal ultrasound and 3.7 percent for CA-125. When both were abnormal, this value increased to 23.5 percent. Final results, including impact of screening on ovarian cancer mortality, are expected in 2015.

Our Ovarian Cancer Screening Guidelines

Women with a risk near that of the general population (relative risk less than three times greater than that of the general public)

  • Ovarian cancer screening is not recommended. An annual gynecologic examination with pelvic examination is recommended for preventive healthcare.

Women with increased risk (relative risk of three to six times greater than that of the general public)

  • There is no clear evidence to suggest that ovarian cancer screening with currently available methods will result in a decrease in the number of deaths from ovarian cancer. If, after careful consideration of risks and benefits, ovarian cancer screening with serum markers such as CA-125 and/or transvaginal ultrasound is to be pursued, it is recommended that such screening be done within the framework of research studies to evaluate the efficacy of this approach.

Genetic counseling may also be helpful for women in this group to better clarify the risk of ovarian and related cancers.

Women with inherited risk (relative risk more than six times greater than that of the general public)

  • While it is not clear that ovarian cancer screening will result in a decrease in the number of deaths in women at inherited risk, those who have mutations in ovarian cancer susceptibility genes should undergo ovarian cancer screening using a combination of transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 testing. For women with mutations in BRCA1 or the mismatch repair genes, MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6, this screening should generally begin between ages 30 and 35. For women with mutations in BRCA2, ovarian cancer screening should be initiated between ages 35 and 40.
Read More

Your choice regarding cookies on this site.

We use cookies to optimise site functionality and give you the best possible experience.